Marx,+Neitzsche,+Freud

The influence of pre-eminent thinkers Karl Marx, Friedrich Neitzsche and Sigmund Freud. Find out biographical details, the impact of their writing, the degree to which their views challenged traditional ways of thinking and the countries in which their theories came to be accepted. > > __Karl Marx __ > - German philosopher, political theorist, historian, sociologist, > - Developed socio-political theory called Marxism > - Exiled to Brussels in Belgium 1845 -> became leading figure of Communist League. > - Believed that capitalism ultimately would produce internal tensions resulting in its self-destruction and the bringing of a new system. Believed socialism would replace capitalism – resulting in classless equal society known as pure communism. > - Ideas greatly influenced workers’ movements after his death in 1883. > -  “ The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”  > -  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Believed the modern working class was the most progressive force for revolution <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">MARXISM is not to be confused with what he believed. His philosophies have been used to prop up dangerous ideologies, reigns of tyrants and mass murder. His ideals have been used to promote dogmatism and intolerance. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Marx wanted to promote the ‘theory of freedom’ but instead this was used to legitimise the totalitarian state of the soviet union. E.g Stalinist Marxism <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > __<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Friedrich Nietzsche __ > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">19th century German philosopher <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Influence on existentialism, nihilism, and postmodernism <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Key ideas: death of God, perspectivism, Ubermensch, eternal recurrence, and the will to power <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Central to his philosophy is the idea of “life-affirmation,” which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those views might be <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">known for harsh critiques that epitomise blasphemy – highly confronting <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">‘Become what you are’ > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">“God is dead’ < recent scientific developments & secularisation had killed such beliefs of God --> would lead to loss of any universal perspective. As well as objective truth > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Retain only our own perspectives = perspectivism > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In turn leads to nihilism? Life is godless, purposeless, nothing? > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Will to power - adaptation and the struggle to survive is a secondary drive in the evolution of animals, less important than the desire to expand one’s power. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ubermansch – man continues to overcome himself. All creatures create something beyond themselves. ‘The over man is the meaning of the earth. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Let your will say: the overman //<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">shall be // <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the meaning of the earth.... Man is a rope, tied between beast and overman—a rope over an abyss … what is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end." <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">  > __<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sigmund Freud __ >  <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Austrian neurologist founded psychoanalysis    >  <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Questioned the unconscious. Dreams source of insight into unconscious desires. Dreams illustrate logic of unconscious brain <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Unconscious mind helped to understand conscious thought and desire <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Repression – verbalising and releasing emotion that one didn’t know they possessed - unconsciously rejected and imprisoned. > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">People aren’t aware of repression. “ <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, people are unaware of the fact that they have buried memories or traumatic experiences.” <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Descriptive unconscious - features of mental life of which people are not subjectively aware <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dynamic unconscious  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> -  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a more specific <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">construct, referred to mental processes and contents that are defensively removed from consciousness as a result of conflicting attitudes <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">System Unconscious - mental processes are repressed, they become organized by principles different from those of the conscious mind, such as condensation and displacement. Scrapped this idea, replaced with Id, ego and super-ego <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Psychosexual development - <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">incest <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">HIGHLY confronting. > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-  <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">id, ego, superego – > <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">id: The id is the impulsive, child-like portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and only takes into account what it wants and disregards all consequences. > <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Superego: The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation > <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ego: it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">defence <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">including <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">denial, <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">repression, and <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">displacement. > <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Life drive and death drive > >
 * //Nietzsche challenged traditional morality and the idea of god and religion - believed in self power. He challeneged the evidence for believing in god, asks how it can affect us still//